Thursday, November 26, 2009
my little superwoman
Black Boy
Monday, November 23, 2009
why play games?
Religion
Monday, November 16, 2009
Death Penalty
Friday, November 13, 2009
parents
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Inside or Out ... What really matters?
The effects homelessness has on children
Life: The Last Frontier
Moving on to the case of the alleged Muslim person who shot 7 innocent people at the Fort Hood army base. I saw some footage of the funeral today, and it didn't move me until they showed the 7 caskets each with a picture of each fallen soldier. President Obama gave a quick description of each soldier, and it was then that you realized that this person was a real person. That they had life, and that they were just trying to make it, like you and me. It was painful to watch because their life ended for no reason. Because a crazed man, who no longer wished to fulfill his duties in the army, chose to act out violently. I don't know how much bearing his Muslim background had to do with all of this. I saw some reports that he attended the same mosque as some of the 9/11 hijackers. I don't know if this is true or not. But my initial feeling after this was not a good one. You get mad after you see something like that. One thing I would like the media to do is get their facts straight before they just broadcast whatever piece of information they just obtained.
Body Art
An Assembly of Children
In a sickening display of childish politics this past Saturday, Georgia representative Tom Price - along with several other republican members of congress - took umbrage with the topic and proceeded to talk over the entire assembly, and repeatedly bray 'I Object', in effort to stall the proceedings in as rude a manner as is conceivable.
I'd like to begin by saying that this post is not partisan in nature - rather, I'm disgusted with the entirety of our congressional proceedings. For the most important topics in our country to be reduced to voting along party lines rather than upon the issues themselves is a perversion of the intent of electing them. And really, that's all that politics has become - a game full of bickering children who all happen to be adults.
It seems to me at least that we'd be better off if we were to expel the entire congress and replace them with third graders. The level of argument would remain the same, and they would likely come to a conclusive decision in much smaller a time - not only this, but they'd be capable of worrying about the issue itself, rather than on if they'd be elected for the next term based on the decisions they made, which is all that our representatives seem to care about any longer.
It couldn't possibly be any worse than the way things are now, at any rate.
Besides, a designated 'nap time' could be exactly what congress needs to get their collective heads out of their asses and actually do the job they were elected to perform rather than throwing temper tantrums and wasting all of our time.
Eco Friendly
Pre-Judging...Don't You Hate When It Happens To You?
Abuse of Stimulants Among Students
Abuse of Stimulants Among Students
Social Networks
I have a Facebook profile. My main purpose for creating a profile on Facebook was because all my friends, were talking about how they found long lost friend they have had since the first grade. Then, I thought it will be remarkable to create a page and by curiosity I found friends I had not seen for a while or would not even recognize if they were to pass me in the street. I cannot express the great feelings I get when I find someone, I spent my whole childhood with. I even found other children I dislike back in the days but we were able to burry the old ashes and move on to becoming friends. I often reminisce the old days, and when I feel that way my only option is Facebook. I can express my self, by connecting with my old friends, perform any other types of activities; play games, listen to music ect…
Facebook is accessible to the general public and in my opinion; I think it is totally understandable for many reasons. If parents, adults create their online profiles to monitor their children or companion activities and have fun at the same time then it is a great way to keep online sexual predators away from children or even certain adults. It is just call safety even though many teenagers do not find it amusing or cool to have their mother or father as one of their friends on Facebook or MySpace. Parents were put on earth to guarantee the well being of their children. We live in a sadistic world, and we all can succumb upon temptation but whom do we have to prevent us from that? Parents, I would not reprimand my mother because she is my friend on Facebook, indeed she is, just for the simple fact that we both understand our boundaries and we respect it , and I think that is what every parents should do respect the boundary line between them and their children.
Slatalla writing describes the relationship between her daughter and her as a catastrophic when she joined faced `` But after receiving a follow-up threat from my daughter, I started worrying that allowing parents in would backfire on Facebook ``513. She also questioned, `` if the presence of people like me (parents) alienated Facebook`s core younger group, would they flee? In response to that a Facebook spokeswoman says that more than 50 percent of Facebook users are outside of college now``513. so, where does that leave parents and children social networks wars? The main key to this answer is call boundaries in other words limitation or borders. Parents and children should recognize their boundary lines as it comes to this website and each maintain their role in an adequate way.
Facebook and other network are open the public, is it destroying or reinforcing our society? I would say a little bit of both; the fact that someone can find friends and suitable groups depending on your characteristic is great it is not leaving children or even adults in desperation , it reunites us with those we had long lost. To every situation they most always be the poor side, in this one I would say the confrontation between parents and children. However, we can all get pass that and enjoy the websites as they were created for interaction.
Slatalla Michelle. “Omg My Mom Joined Facebook!!’’. College Composition:
You can get there from here. Ed.Katherine Ann Ackley. Mason OH: Cengage Learning 2008, 511-514.
Monday, November 9, 2009
Youth on the internet
what a mess
Teen Gang-Rape: Why Bystanders Kept Quiet?
The gang rape and beating of a 15-year-old girl on Richmond High School grounds after her homecoming dance was horrific enough. But even more shocking, police said that, as many as 20 bystanders are believed to have watched without intervening and may have even filmed or photographed the attack.
This is a classical case of group crime, and conformity, where people do things just because everyone else is doing it. Had one person stepped up and opposed to raping the teen, he would have been able to change the hall dynamic.
This is also, peer pressure, where in adolescence value fitting in and being liked more than, self-identity. Some of the rappers may have done it, just so they are not picked on.
Is it mob mentality, or fear?
Teens, brain being undeveloped, they thing differently than adults, they are living in their own society where the rules are different, where there is this issue of inappropriate sexuality, undeveloped sexuality a lot of violence, and there is a tolerance effect, a lot of these teens, have seen so many things through virtual reality, through fantasy, that when it comes to real life their tolerance level is so high, that they now must see some thing much more horrific in real life, for them to realize that this is reality.
Are we manufacturing this, is this a media effect? Well, there is a link between what we watch and how we behave by the availability heuristic, there are other factors that play a significant role in these kind of behavior. Though correlation is not causation, there is a correlation effect between kids from abusive families ,and kids turning out to be abusive.
So, Where do we go from here?, what do we do about this apathy, and silent witnesses? I think that parents should get involve in teaching their children, to intervene, don’t just be a bystander, be heroes instead, and even use some minor sanction when it’s appropriate, but more importantly, change the mindset of bystanders, and that will take more than, just one person opposing the group, but a lot more people are needed to achieve this.
Sunday, November 8, 2009
Homelessness
It’s hard to imagine yourself in a situation with no one to turn to and that contributes to our indifference towards the homeless. Most of us are fortunate enough to have families willing to help when we need it. Our families also have the means to help. But I imagine that many homeless people probably have no one to provide a temporary home or a meal. And even in situations where there may be family members nearby that doesn’t necessarily mean that they have the cash flow to support another person. Also, I’ve notice that many homeless people seem to suffer from mental problems. So I looked up some of the leading causes of homelessness on the internet and found that very reason near the top of the list. Caring for someone with a mental condition can be a significant burden physically, mentally, and fiscally and that’s probably another reason that family members haven’t taken them in.
It also seems that when a situation is so desperate and a person is forced to live on the street, their problems begin to compound. For example, it’s hard to go to a job interview when you don’t have access to a shower and decent clothing. It’s hard to to signup for programs when you don’t have an address or a phone number. Since drug addiction is a leading cause of homelessness, lack of access to rehabilitation programs is another problem faced by the homeless.
Fortunately, there are organizations that provide some relief to the homeless, such as temporary lodging and a healthy meal. I think the people that run the shelters and soup kitchens are saints. Public funding for those institutions is definitely money well spent. I understand that programs to help the homeless are abused, but that is probably offset by the good that comes from these programs.
Saturday, October 31, 2009
Greedy
Since I started taking this class I have learned so much about the different things that are going on in society today. I feel very grateful for the life I was given and it makes me so sad to think how spoiled or how good we as Americans have it here in The United States. It just blew my mind that people in Africa aren’t making it past 40! While we over here complain about how “I’m starving, I haven’t eaten in 6 hours!” Don’t get me wrong I have said this before, but it just pisses me off how much we as Americans take for granted the very simple things in life. I mean as we talked about how obese our country is and how much we spend on weight loss pills when other people in other countries are going without meals for days at a time it just makes me sick! I don’t understand why there isn’t something we can do as a whole to help people who can’t afford the luxuries that we can. I gave a homeless man some left over pizza I had from a meal and he was so grateful for that it literally brought tears to my eyes. I just wish that Americans weren’t so selfish and self centered and would care about someone who is in dire need of things that we overdo.
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
Good Hair
I was having a discussion with my family this past weekend and my niece posed this question to me: "...would you still like a girl if she showed you that she had on a weave?" To which I replied that that would change things. What I thought was hers, I would then know that it wasn't real, and I couldn't take fakeness. Then we had a big debate over women these days need to break the cycle of thinking they need to alter their hair in order to meet the social requirements of a mainstream "straight hair" look.
Women who sport the "natural" look; that is not chemically treating the hair so that the hair is not straightened or relaxed; have broken out of the mold, and defy the accepted way to look when you are out in public. If looking your best meant you had to have straight hair, they show that you can still look your best in your natural self. I know this may be a touchy subject, because when it comes to hair, women take their hair very seriously. But if they thought about what they do and put in their hair, all for the benefit of social acceptance, shouldn't we be asking why? Cures need to be found, children need to be fed, and we are sticking things onto our heads. We need to put the right things in our heads to make intelligent choices.
Staying Green Helps the Environment
Same Sex Rights
Illegal Immigration
I do not, lest you crucify me immediately, mean to imply that I'm for or against any drastic measures in immigration that would be entirely game-changing. Rather, I refer to the problem of the two opposing forces - both of which are entirely justifiable in their viewpoints.
For we natives, it can be discouraging to have to interact with people who have little or no grasp of our language. For the working class, it can come as a point of unfair competition in the job market. For every licensed worker, there are hundreds of illegal immigrants willing to work for absurdly low wages. A surge in illegal immigrants living in an area can lead to a gathering of impoverished men and women that are desperate for money, which in turn can lead to petty and organized crime alike. From that perspective, it's really not hard to see why the problem of illegal immigration can be upsetting.
For the immigrants, their situation oftentimes can be unfathomable to us. They've come (for one reason or another) to our country to make the very same attempt at the American Dream that we do, and are often willing to take far more drastic measures than we are. It's impossible not to feel embarrassment at the petty problems mid to high income families experience, and then compare them to a a couple that may not even have a roof over their head.
Frankly, it's an extremely sticky situation largely because both sides have valid points and concerns, both of which are strongly in line with not only their well-being, but our supposed ideology. So, what do we do about it? Frankly, I don't have a satisfactory answer - and by the way that the issue is so hotly debated back and forth year after year, none of our politicians do, either.
No Cash in College Football
Not the players.
College football and the NCAA have always been opposed to letting college athletes be paid for playing a sport. Sponsorships and promoting campaigns that involve players merely just benefit the university or college.
Tim Tebow is a Heisman Trophy winner and a 2-time National Champion. He has been in numerous commercials and magazine ads and is a role model to kids around the nation. They buy his jerseys, they buy tickets to watch him play, and when they can’t get out to watch him play on the field, radio and television broadcasts help with that.
Tebow makes millions! Well, WOULD make millions if it wasn’t for the strict rules of the NCAA to not allow college athletes to accept any monetary boosts. All the money he would be making for himself goes straight the Florida University. So if all this money is going straight to the University, are the Universities “using” these college athletes? Of course the colleges give them substantial amounts of money for tuition and to receive a top-notch education but shouldn’t these players be rewarded for their hard work and accomplishments? Shouldn’t Tim Tebow, who is more famous than some of the professional athletes, be rewarded for being such an inspiring role model and one of the most amazing athletes to ever play the game of football?
Monday, October 26, 2009
The Law or Racial Profiling????
Why do we have nuclear weapons?
I just read the book Hiroshima a little while ago and it basically paralyzed me with fear of nuclear weapons. It was raining fire in the city in the aftermath of the bombing, and when some people tried to jump in the river for safety, they were boiled alive. Most of the doctors and nurses that were in the city were killed, either instantly or from radiation sickness days later (symptoms include no appetite, hair loss[all of it], fever, vomiting, etc.). Basically, a slow and painful death. Communication to the rest of world was gone, and the survivors were left wondering the streets in terrible pain, with no medical help at all (the rest of the Japanese had no idea what had happened to the city – all they knew was their communication lines had gone dead in an instant). If someone was wearing a checkerboard style garment, the black squares would be burned onto their skin (dark colors absorb more energy). Thousands more would die later from cancer associated with the bomb, and children born from survivors would have terrible health problems including deformed bodies. There were also 11 American POWs in the city at the time, who all perished. By December of 1945 (the bombing was on 8/6), over 120,000 people were killed from the bomb, with thousands more dying from cancer and other complications over the next few years. The U.S. said we dropped nukes to save American lives, which is most likely did, but I can’t help but feel that dropping nuclear weapons was the wrong way to go about this.
From 1946 – 1958, the U.S. also conducted nuclear testing on Bikini Atoll (this is actually where bikinis as we know them today got their name), which is in the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia. They (we) detonated over 20 nuclear bombs in the atoll, and the indigenous population of the islands were forced to leave to a nearby island due to the entire ecosystem (especially the food chain) being contaminated by nuclear fallout. Nuclear weapons were one of the worst inventions humankind has created and I really hope Obama can work with the rest of the world to get rid of all of them (though sadly – I am not expecting any type of progress - the strive for power is too great).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bikini_Atoll
Electric Companys scandels
CREDIT CARDS OR IMAGITIVE MONEY
I Loveish You?
Change
First of all, the world is a dramatically different place then it was 50 years ago and even more so if you go back 200 years. The Industrial Revolution truly revolutionized the way we live, both individually and collectively. So how can it be that ideals or methods of the past could still be applicable today. I'm not exactly sure they are so I always try to consider this when people say things like “that’s what our forefathers would have wanted.”
For instance, the idea of laissez-faire economics was develop in the 18th century by Adam Smith and others. They argued that since everyone is chiefly concerned with their own self-interest, an invisible hand would then indirectly take care of the economy. And while these ideas have definitely stood the test time and have heavily influence our modern free-market system, they were also written in a different era in the context of a different way of life.
Nowadays, we operate in a global economy that is overrun by corporations. And while these corporations have almost all the rights that you and I enjoy, they don’t always have our conscience. (Some do) One of the main reasons to incorporate is to reduce your risk through limited liability, but I think this throws the whole “invisible hand” thing off. I understand that investors and executives stand to lose something, but for most this is a recoverable loss, especially when you consider the salaries of most executives. Also, these corporations are almost another class in their own right. They have more money then the richest natural class of people and that makes them incredibly powerful. They have lobbyist and crack-lawyers that influence policy and manipulate laws. It’s like an ultra-upper class.
The points is this: it is beneficial for us to reevaluate our current systems from time to time and to realize that the innovative ideas of yesterday won’t always be viable today.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Teen Pregnancy
A Long Way To A Women's Nation
Nonetheless, just one year out of college, women working full-time earn only 80 percent of their male colleagues’ salaries, even when they work in the same field. Ten years after graduation, the pay gap widens, with women earning 69 percent of what men earn.
More often than not, the gap in salary among men and women has always been attributed primarily to women’s career tracks; they’re more likely to work part-time and take time out of the workforce to raise children, but Studies contradicts those believes. Even after adjusting for hours worked, employment, parenthood and other factors known to affect earnings, studies found that one-quarter of the pay gap between men and women remains unsolved.
With the new statistics, showing that women make up 50% of all workers, and 2/3 of women becoming primary breadwinners in many household, isn’t time for equal pay for equal work? I think it’s over due; government and institutions should change to foster this new dynamics, until then, it’s very much still “ A Men’s Nation” ,fairly or not.
I f you want to know more, I encourage you to read Maria Shriver’s report: “A Woman’s Nation”
Media violence
Television can be a powerful influence in developing values and behavior in American public. There is a growing litany of lament being squeezed out of grieving Americans about the violence in their society: `` Public concern about a possible link between media violence and societal violence has further intensified in the past decades, media coverage of violence, far from declining, has escalated since then, devoting ever more attention to celebrity homicides and copy cat crimes`` (Bok 259). Americans worry over the impact of media being poured into the television screens of their homes and into the psychological development of their children. The amount of television viewing done by children of all ages continues to expand, Allen R Jimmy the author of the essay ``Sounding the Alarm`` conducted an experiment on the concerns about the amount of television viewing : he concluded that for twenty eight hours of weekly television watching , it amounts to five thousands acts of violence a year. He added that cartoons contains even more violence and are a steady fare for children (Allen 1).
All types of major aggressive behavior, which include illegal behavior and criminal violence, demonstrate a significant effect of television violence. Most of these behaviors are known to be caused by social concerns; the lack of good parenting is one of the major effects of violence in children due to media violence. What should parents do to limit the degree of children exposure to the negative influences? Parents should select shows that model positive behavior such as Dora the Explorer, Diego and Manny the Tool Man, these shows able the child to learn how to care and be considerate of others. ``As in any epidemic, it is urgent to know what it is that makes so many capable of such violence, victimize so many others, and cause countless to live in fear`` says Bok (259).The government should have media companies regulate the shows that are aired on TV, so that they could automatically block shows that are inappropriate for children, and, at the same, permit adults with a pass code which would allow them to watched any other uncensored shows. Failure to conform to these laws should result to censorship.
Nevertheless, television and media provokes Americans thirst for adventure and danger and allow them to witness that is among them. Violence in the media is the contributing factors in violence carried out in real life. Personal responsibilities and choices are the long terms remedies for the divulgence of violence in the media.
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Relationships
Saturday, October 17, 2009
Radio..love?
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
high school sports
Kudos!!! To our President Barack Obama!!
This made me think who would check yes for this poll. Probably most of the haters who hasn't given the President a chance even before he stepped into office. These are the same people to this day who question the legitimacy of the president from his birth to what, if any, are his religious affiliations. I don't know who put that poll up on facebook, but one thing is clear, that some people will say he doesn't deserve the award. Some of his supporters say that he should be careful to not take the award because he hasn't accomplished many of the goals he has set out since he came into office. Only time will tell if the award was given on good faith, or on good merit. I believe the latter to be true.
He held my door?!?!?!?!
Minimum Wage
As someone in his early twenties, it's become increasingly apparent to me just how far removed that minimum wage is from the realities of what it takes to support yourself in today's world.
Assuming that you're in the position to be receiving minimum or just slightly higher, the likelihood is extremely strong that you'll also be receiving less than forty hours per week of work. Due to the necessity of overtime pay being time and a half, most employers penalize managers that allow their employees to exceed forty hours in a given week, regardless of their desire to do so.
One of the biggest problems with minimum wage is that it simply isn't realistic for many of the areas that it's targeted towards. For instance, after taxes, it's not uncommon for some retail workers in the Maryland area to make less than 1000 dollars during any given month – I know this to be true, because it was my situation.
This isn't generally a problem – if you're not also trying to live independently while maintaining a socially acceptable lifestyle. When you factor in the cost of living (especially in this area), where rent can cost generally between 700 – 1000 dollars, already the notion of being able to support yourself flies out the window. When you factor in the typical BGE bill, which can also run upwards of 100-200 dollars, it quickly becomes completely impossible to start up without living in unsafe neighborhoods and sacrificing many of the niceties that we often take for granted.
How on earth can this be considered justifiable by our lawmakers?
Every time that a proposal is made to increase the minimum wage, it's quickly struck down or negotiated down to a still-unacceptable level. Without even factoring in the cost of food or health care, or the occasional luxury like a cell phone, a minimum wage worker's entire paycheck can be consumed by the cost of rent and electricity.
That anyone could think that the current amount is acceptable is just sickening.
College tuition on the rise
Accounting for inflation, prices rose just 2.4 percent — the lowest rise in six years, and the third straight time the gap between prices and overall inflation has narrowed.
Tuition and fees at private four-year colleges rose 5.9 percent overall, to $22,218.http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,224438,00.html
Should teenagers be driving?
Bill Or No Bill?
There are millions of Americans who have no health insurance, millions who live below poverty line, I am talking about; no water, electricity, not enough food.., the basic needs of life. But today, the politicians, had a chance to do something about health care; they are given an opportunity to do right by Americans and give them what I think is a right in such a great country like America. Call me a socialist if you like, but I don’t think that being a “socialist” is such a bad thing: I believe in government of the people, by the people and for the people. You think health care bill should pass or not?
Equal Oppurtunities of Health Insurance For Everyone
immigration
Littering/trashing the planet
After the ride was done, we parted ways (he just joined the Navy, so I’m probably never going to see him again) and I was left wondering why the hell people litter, especially when there are trashcans right next to them (in his case - it was a backpack). Now I'm not claiming to have never littered, but it has been a very long time since I have, so I just can't comprehend it anymore. I know some companies litter to save money and time (time is money, right?), but I'm asking about individuals. Is it out of sheet laziness? Or is it that people don’t think they make a difference in the world (good or bad)? Do they not realize when they litter - they’re trashing the only home they have? I just don’t get it…anyone have any ideas??
Monday, October 12, 2009
Electronic Madness
Politics as usual
I feel that the media plays a part in the symbolic interactionist approach to sociology. We get informed about issues through the news. In symbolic interactionism, meaning is created through our interactions with one another and society. Therefore, our interactions with the news have a tremendous influence over us. That’s really where the problem begins. Two newspapers, on opposite ends of the political spectrum, can deliver conflicting facts. While they probably aren’t lying, they’ve definitely manipulated the data by ignoring certain factors or reporting half-truths. Also, we tend to take to heart the opinions of pundits that are hardly informed themselves. All of this leads to conflict.
The tenets of symbolic interactionism also tell us that we react to things based on their meaning. So the the sources of information we expose ourselves to help to determine our reactions to the issues we face. And sadly, the bias of news groups and politicians today has led to more division in Washington and in the country as a whole.
The situation is also exacerbated since many pundits like to oversimplify issues and profess that they have the answer. If the answers came that easily and the issues were so simple, they wouldn’t be discussing them in Congress.
Don't get me wrong, there are a lot of news groups and politicians out that deliver the facts along with meaningful and thoughtful proposals. However, there are many that don’t; if you'd like to avoid them, don't watch cable news.
Lastly, It's unfortunate that so much bad data has been circulated about health care reform since everyone agrees that things must change. However, it's hard for the average American and politician alike to make an informed choice on the issue when accurate data is scarce.
Abortion
Have schools gone too far with weapons policies?
Zachary recently joined the Cub Scouts and received a new gadget that he was very excited about. It was like a swiss army knife though it was a gadget that could be a fork, a spoon, or a knife. Excited about using it and showing it off he brought it to school to use while eating his lunch. The school system has really cracked down and made a zero tolerance policy on weapons brought to school. Because there was a knife on the gadget that Zachary brought to school, he was suspended and is facing the school disciplinary committee. His parents say that he took school very seriously and even dressed in a collared shirt and tie just to be more serious. An innocent boy just trying to show off his new “toy” or “gadget” was punished severly.
I understand that schools should crack down on their weapons policies considering what happened at the Columbine and Virignia Tech, but how far should schools go? Do they really think that kids as young as Zachary are going to intentionally bring a weapon to school to use it for harm?
The reason the board and committee is being so strict on these policies is that they don’t want parents getting calls saying that their kid just lost both eyes to a kid that went crazy with a knife. But how many 6 year olds, especially Cub Scouts, want to use a knife in any other way than productive? Zachary made an innocent mistake. Is there any lee way to innocent mistakes on the zero tolerance policies?
Drinking Age
Before and after every dance, football games, parties, etc. drinking is some what involved. Many teens thinki this is the "cool" thing to do since theere not allowed to do it. Every teen wants to rebel from everything their parents say. So if it's no drinkling then they will find a way to do it. They know how to hide it and how to get away with it, but the thing they do not how to do is to use their brain and ot do it the responsible way. Instead of staying put where these kids were drinking they decide to go drive because they have to be home at a certsain time. Yes, i understand that these are young adults and to need to adhear to their responsibitlites and listen to their parents, but parents are on eof the main reason why young adults drive home from drinking. They need to be home at a certain time and they cannot lie or tell thier parents the truth. If the drinking age was lowered they could tell there parents the truth and could stay put if there was dirnking goign on which this means fewer accidents.
At the age of 18 you are allowed to fight and die for your country, but you are not allowed to have a beer or a glass of wine after work? How does this seem in the slightest bit fair. By lowering the drinbking age these youing adults can be really called "adults". So i leave you with this wwould you want your kid driving home drunk because they are not allowd to drink and have ot be home at a certain time?